Exploring the potential feed ingredients which do not compete human consumption and maintain the production efficiency and food quality is a crucial task for animal production to reduce environmental impact and production cost. 

Currently ruminant production heavily relies on the conventional crops such as soybeans and maize to sustain high production efficiency. 

Agro-industrial by-products which are obtained during the production of food and are normally considered as waste residue, such as pomace and pulp after juice extraction and cake after oil extraction, have potentials to serve as feed ingredients when managed properly.